Separation of Powers in Australia - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 6 Words: 1684 Downloads: 3 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Politics Essay Tags: Australia Essay Did you like this example? 1. Explain the Doctrine of the Separation of Powers and how it operates in Australia. (350 words) The doctrine of the separation of powers is a political system used in Australia, where the institutions of government are divided into three main branches. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Separation of Powers in Australia" essay for you Create order These include the executive, legislative, and judicial(Greenfeld, 2012). The legislature includes the parliament that is responsible of making the laws of the country. The executive includes the ministries that are responsible of putting the laws made by the legislature into operation. The judiciary, which made up of the courts, is responsible of giving interpretation to the laws. The doctrine of separation of powers is usually said to be a cornerstone to fair governance.in Australia, this doctrine is puts together the uncomplicated democratic concepts that are part of the Westminster system, the version of power separation of United States, and the responsible government doctrine. Separation of powers has been a highly complicated issue in Australia due to the fact that it has not been totally described where the ultimate power lies within the political system of Australia. It has been difficult to argue out whether there is an overlap between the different branches of the doctrine of separation of power in Australia, although between these different branches, there is a visible common ground. In Victorian Stevedoring General Contracting Co Pty Ltd Meakes v Dignan, the high court ruled that it was not practical to have a division that is strict between the executive and the legislature; hence re-affirming this to be outlined in the constitution(Carney, 2000).Little distinction exists between the Australian legislature and executive as seen in the above case.Members of the executive of Australia are actually members of the Parliament. The Governor-general is responsible of appointing the executive and judge of the high court, yet he is part of the Parliament(Greenfeld, 2012). From the Australian constitution, section 64 provides that the members of the executive who are federal ministers must be part of the parliament(Carney, 2000). This establishes a clear connection between the legislature and the executive, hence eliminating the total separation of the e xecutive and legislature as seen in the American system. TheAustraliansystem of separation of powers stipulates thatthe political branches are not supposed to interrupt judicial activities. 2. Is there a true separation of powers between the institutions of government in Australia? (350 words) The separation of powers phenomenon between the Australian institutions of government is not clear. There is no true separation between the executive and legislature. This means that there is no true separation between the institutions of government. This is evident with the fact that the members of the executive must be members of the Parliament. On the other hand, the federal judiciary of Australia has strictly protected its independence from the legislature and the executive. This means that in the case of the judiciary, there is a true separation with the other branches of government.New South Wales v Commonwealth Wheat case in 1915, the high court came up with a decision that strict protection of the power of the judiciary was very fundamental in the constitution(Greenfeld, 2012). This protection was to be granted to commissions and tribunals that were formed by the legislature. This protection goes both ways where the political branches are not to interfere with the work of the judiciary, and at the same time, the judiciary should not interfere with the legislature and executive. Some people will argue their case that the fact that the judges of the high court are selected by the Governor-General, who is a member of the executive; there is still no true separation of the judiciary and the other two branches. This is because the leadership of the judiciary is totally affected by the executive that nominated the judges, and at the same time, the executive member that selected the high court judges is part of the legislative. Where the power lies within the Australian system has been a controversial issue for a long while. The effect brought about by the stro ng party discipline has led to the executive dominating the legislative. There is a visible overlap of the legislative and executive branches in the above case hence there is no true separation between the two branches. Comparing the American phenomenon of separation of power and the Australian phenomenon, one may find that the Australian separation of power is not as strict as the American separation of power. In the American system, the legislative is totally different from the executive unlike in Australia. 3. Choose another country (either a common law or civil law jurisdiction) to explain how the Doctrine of the Separation of Powers operates in that other country compared to Australia. (800 words ) The doctrine of the separation of powers in the United States of America is quite different from the Australian case, hence my choice of comparison to the Australian doctrine.In America, the legislative, judicial and executive branches of government are very distinct from each other. This is to prevent the abuse of power, and hence the philosophy of separation of power was very crucial in the formulating of the constitution of United States(Hunter-Schulz, 2005). The separation of power that is administered in America is closely associated to checks and balances system. Regarding the American legislative power, the congress is the branch of government that has sole power to do legislation duties. the non-delegation doctrine does not allow the congress to give its responsibility of law making to any other branch of government. This is different from the Australian case where the law makers are part of the executive. The executive branch in the USA is conferred, with qualifications and exceptions in the president. Section 2 of the American Constitution states that the President is the Commander in chief of the Navy and the Army, with a responsibility of appointing people into office and making treaties on behalf of the nation(Spindler, 2000). The presi dent is also supposed to receive public Ministers and ambassadors with the Senateà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s consent, and also make sure that the laws of the nation are executed faithfully. This means the president is required by the constitution to enforce the laws personally, but through subordinates. The congress may terminate appointments done by the president and in addition, the president executes whatever that is given to him by congress(Spindler, 2000). From the above explanation, the American doctrine of separation of power is very clear between the executive that includes the president, and the legislature that includes the congress(Spindler, 2000). This is a completely different scenario in Australia where the constitution totally links the executive to the legislature. As seen in the American perspective, the executive is not part of the legislature as is the case in Australia. The duties of the two branches are completely distinct in the American phenomenon. In addition, there is a lot of control of power in the American scenario since the ultimate objective of each branch of government is to check the power of the other branches(Hunter-Schulz, 2005). Even the presidentà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s power is greatly checked by the congress since he is no supposed to do anything without the consent of the congress.in Australia, the political parties greatly determine the decisions of the executive since it is through parties that the executive members get into leadership. The power of the judicial branch of the American government is more or less similar to that of the Australian government. It has the power to interprete the law in addition to deciding cases. the power of the judiciary is completely differentiated from the rest of the branches just like in the case of the Australia(Hunter-Schulz, 2005). In America, the executive is responsible of appointing the judges of the judges but under the consent of the senate. This is quite similar to the Australian judic iary where the judges are also selected by the executive. A case where an overlap of government branches of legislature and judiciary is in legislative courts formed by the Congress. On the contrary, there is no overlap because the legislative courts do not have a responsibility of exercising the judicial power. The work of the legislative court is the adjudication of questions regarding public rights. It is clear that the American constitution has gone a long way in ensuring that one branch of the government does not delegate its duties to another branch of government as it may, at times, be the case of the legislative and executive branches of the Australian government. The big argument in the Australian separation of power regarding where power lies is not the case in the American phenomenon. Equality of the executive, judiciary, and the legislature is what the constitution of America stipulates. Although in some cases, for instance, at the time when the republican governme nt is in power, the legislature is usually dominates(Gerangelos, 2009). It is a shared view between America and Australia that historically, the judiciary has always been seen as the weakest branch as compared to the legislative and executive. The fact that the judges that work in the judiciary are selected by another branch, which is the executive, proves that the judiciary may be weaker than the other two branches(Greenfeld, 2012). It is safe to conclude that the doctrine of separation of powers in the Australian system is quite different from the American system due to the difference in the system of governance. The judiciary in both scenarios has its seclusion from the other two branches although at the end of the day it may be portrayed as the weakest of the three government branches. References Carney, G. (2000). Separation of Powers in the Westminster System. Australasian Study of Parliament Group, 1-8. Gerangelos, P. (2009). THE SEPARATION OF POWERS AND LEGISLATIVE INTERFERENCE IN JUDICIAL PROCESS. CONSTITUTIONAL PRINCIPLES AND LIMITATIONS, 862-865. Greenfeld, M. (2012). THE ASYMMETRY OF THE SEPARATION OF POWERS. The Western Australian Jurist, 233-245. Hunter-Schulz, T. (2005). Rule of law, separation of powers and judicial decision making in Australia. The National Legal Eagle, 1-6. Spindler, G. (2000). Separation of Powers: Doctrine and Practice. Retrieved May 6, 2014, from Parliament of New South Wales: https://www.parliament.nsw.gov.au/prod/parlment/publications.nsf/key/SeparationofPowers

The Medical Model, Community Model And The Crime Control...

Community corrections is continually changing and has been for the past one hundred years. From the early to mid-twentieth century onward it has used three major models, the medical model, community model, and the crime control model. The major turning point for the American community corrections system that led to corrections as we know it today was in 1974 when What Works? - Questions and Answers About Prison Reform by Martinson was published. The system changed practically overnight across the nation. The notion of rehabilitating offenders was dismissed and a more punitive â€Å"lock them up and throw away the key† mentality took over. Presently the corrections system is still working in the crime control model, but professionals are trying to restructure how we deal with criminal offenders during and after incarceration. The difficulty in the restructuring is finding the balance between punishing criminal offenders proportionate to their crime, but also rehabilitati ng them to be productive members of society once they are released so that they do not recidivate. The corrections system has gone through the medical model, the community model, and the crime control model over the last century. In the late eighteen hundreds, the belief that incarceration itself did not reduce crime was emerging. Community based sanctions, like probation and parole, were thought to be great additions and that they would work well in conjunction with incarceration. (Wodahl, 8) BetweenShow MoreRelatedEssay on Models of Corrections1625 Words   |  7 Pagesjustice system changed, new prison models were organized in hopes of lowering the crime rates in America. The three major models of prisons that were developed were the medical, model, the community model, and the crime control model. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The medical model is the model of corrections based on the assumption that criminal behavior is caused by social, psychological, or biological deficiencies that require treatment (Clear 53). This model of corrections aimed at treating theRead MoreModels of Corrections Essay1644 Words   |  7 Pagesthe criminal justice system changed, new prison models were organized in hopes of lowering the crime rates in America. The three major models of prisons that were developed were the medical, model, the community model, and the crime control model. The medical model is the model of corrections based on the assumption that criminal behavior is caused by social, psychological, or biological deficiencies that require treatment (Clear 53). 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Each model is designed differently based on its overriding goal, and this affects the physical design, policies, and programs that are implemented within each of the models. Custodial Model Archaic Purpose: Control, focus is on maintaining security and order. Goal: Punishment, this is the best way to provide deterrence againstRead More Models of Corrections Essay1250 Words   |  5 Pagesprompts: 1. What is the community model of corrections? 2. What is the crime control model of corrections? 3. What are the differences between prisons and jails? 4. What is your opinion about the constitutional rights of prisoners? 1. What is the community model of corrections? This model of corrections main purpose was to reintroducing the offenders in to the community. This Program was invented to help offenders in the transition from jail to the community, aid in the processes ofRead MoreDifferent Kinds Of Punishments And The Corrections System Essay1621 Words   |  7 Pageslabor in order to be leased to contractors that provided food and clothing. This lead to a look of slavery and high death rates of inmates. Not many people see but a person being segregated from one another could really affect the social ecology of crime and if these prisoners have a negative environment, then they are most likely to become ill and or possibly lead to death. Since these two systems were the start of the development, there were different movements and changes to the corrections systemRead MoreCorrections: From Rehabilitation to a More Punitive Model Essay1594 Words   |  7 Pages24 November 2014 Corrections Paper What changes led corrections away from rehabilitation and toward a more punitive model? Since World War II through the 1970s, many changes occurred in the United States correctional systems. Rehabilitation Model is a treatment program that was designed to reform the inmates. According to www.copower.org, â€Å"This model is similar to the medical model; it regards the person with a disability as in need of services from a rehabilitation professional who can provide trainingRead MoreCorrections944 Words   |  4 Pagesfunction of implementing punishment in the handling of criminal offenders after their sentencing. Corrections are defined as the range of community and institutional sanctions, treatment programs, and service for managing criminal offenders. 2. What is the mission of corrections? To protect society accomplished through a combination of surveillance and control of offenders, rehabilitative services, and incapacitation during the services of a prison sentence. 3. Describe the operation of theRead MoreEssay on Juvenile Justice1630 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿ Juvenile Delinquents and Treatment Models Mark Roggeman Colorado Christian University Juvenile Delinquents and Treatment Models Among those who work in the juvenile justice system there is much discussion on how to effectively determine the appropriate consequences and or treatment for their actions. There are those who believe in punishment that includes incarceration and boot camp and there are those who believe in treatment programs withRead MorePolicing And Traditional Policing Models1300 Words   |  6 PagesApproaches of both community policing and traditional policing models differ in a variety of ways. The characteristics of the policing models are quite different from each other, and community based policing was considered laughable when suggested for the new approach in the early 1970s. Due to community policing’s new operating beliefs, new and unfamiliar expected officer behaviors, and that officers were being held legally responsible for their actions and inactions; the idea and implementation

Marketing Impact of Organic Food Products

Question: Discuss about theMarketing Impact of Organic Food Products. Answer: Introduction The label Organic is given to those food products, which are produced with the use natural fertilizers; they minimize pollution (of air, soil and water) and encourages the conservation of soil and water. The different types of organic food products available include fruits and vegetables, dairy foods, meat products, honey and certain processed food. The main reason for consumers preferring to purchase an organic product is that product is free of external additives, pesticides and other chemicals. Organic food products attain their labels by more sustainable use of natural resources and thereby minimizing the damage that is caused to environment. Literature Review The organic food industry is a major industry in Australia with a growth rate of 15% per annum. The market for organic food items can be attributed to the nutritive value of the products, their taste along with the freshness of the products. The demand for organic foods is not bound by the demographic profile of the consumer. The only reason for low consumption of organic products if their prices (Shafie and Rennie 2012). A survey conducted in Australia found that more people are consuming organic food products. Fruits and vegetables are consumed the most as compared to meat and meat products. The study found that 65% of the consumers had an organic diet and 35% of the people purchased certified organic products (Oates, Cohen and Braun, 2012). This indicates that more number of surveys should be done so that the preference of the consumers towards different organic food products can be derived. The growth in the demand for organic foods can be attributed to increased awareness of the consumers. This increased awareness is also because consumers would like to enjoy healthy foods. This has given rise to diversification of the organic food market with increase in the varieties of organic foods. The increase in the consumption of organic foods is related to demography of the consumers. Younger more health conscious and having above average income consumers are more prone to purchase organic foods (Pearson et.al. 2013). An intra-continent study between Australians and Europeans found that the consumption behaviour of organic foods were similar. The perceived health benefits of both the groups of people were also found to be similar (Oates, Cohen and Braun 2014). The organic food sector is growing fast. The consumers of organic food are miniscule as compared to those who do not consume organic foods. This inhibition towards organic foods can be attributed to the inadequate information on the label (Henryks et.al. 2015).The market of organic food can grow with more information about the benefits of organic foods, both the health aspect of the consumer and the environmental aspect. The growth of the Australian organic food market has been possible due to the entry of independent retailers dealing in organic foods. The fastest growing organic food markets is the dairy industry. Even in the dairy food sector, yoghurt is the fastest growing item. The survey revealed that a majority of the consumers purchased organic foods due to its perceived health benefits (Ausfoodnews.com.au, 2016). According to the Australian organic market report the fastest growing sectors in the organic food markets are diary, beef, organic wine and bevvies, grains, fruits and vegetables and personal care products. The report found that most of the supermarkets store organic foods. The majority of the consumers chose organic foods due to its chemical free nature (Aginnovators.org.au, 2015). Research Aim The aim of the research is to investigate the impact of marketing of organic food products. It also aims to find the gap between the demand and supply of organic food products. Research Question: The research question for this assignment is as follows: How much is the demand and supply of organic food products? What is the trend in the growth of the organic food market? What is the volume of exports of different organic food products? Research Objective The objective of doing the research is as follows: To find the correlation between demand and supply of organic food products To find the growth trend of different organic foods To find the growth trend in the exports of different organic foods. Research Methodology A quantitative study on the organic food market would be done. Secondary data would be collected and secondary data collection techniques would be used. The producers of organic food products would collect data for the last five years on the volume of organic food materials produced and sold. Data on the different organic food products like fruits and vegetables, dairy foods, meat products, honey would be collected. The producers would also collect data on the volume of exports of the organic food products. Data would also be collected from the supermarkets and other markets of organic food products on the volume of sales of different food products. The data would be analysed to understand the volume of organic food market (Zikmund 2009). The analysis of the data would provide information on the growth trend of the produce and consumption of organic food products. An analysis of the data would also provide information on the gap between the demand and supply of organic food products (Levine et.al. 2010). Expected Research Outcome As per the report of Australian organic market (2014), the industrys worth is $1.72Bn and growing at 15% per annum. The exports of organic food products have also grown. Thus, the present study will only strengthen the fact that there is huge market potential for organic food products. It will also provide an insight into the growth potential for the organic market. Conclusion It can be concluded that the market for organic food products has grown drastically. The growth in the consumption of organic food products can be attributed to the fact that consumers have understood the benefits of organic foods. Rising to the occasion, the producers have also been able to keep pace with the demand. Thus, the farming of organic food products has also increased. The government has also initiated standards for the organic food products. In spite of the growth, there is still a huge difference in the sales volume of organic vs. non-organic food items. The data will provide for the scope in the growth of the organic food market. References Aginnovators.org.au. (2015). 6 booming Australian organics sectors $1.7 Billion reasons to get in the market. [online] Available at: https://www.aginnovators.org.au/news/6-booming-aussie-organics-sectors-%E2%80%93-and-why-cleaner-greener-farmers-are-raking-it [Accessed 19 Sep. 2016]. Ausfoodnews.com.au. (2016). Australia's appetite for organic foods at record levels | Australian Food News. [online] Available at: https://www.ausfoodnews.com.au/2014/12/10/australias-appetite-for-organic-foods-at-record-levels.html [Accessed 19 Sep. 2016]. Australian organic market report 2014 Henryks, J., Pearson, D., Anisimova, T. and Sultan, P., 2015. Are organic food labels inadequate? Evidence from consumers in Australia. Business and Management Studies, 1(2), pp.45-54. Levine, D.M., Stephan, D.F., Krehbiel, T.C. d Brenson, M.L. (2010), Statistics for Managers Using Microsoft Excel: 6th Global Edition, Prentice Hall Oates, L., Cohen, M. and Braun, L. (2012). Characteristics and consumption patterns of Australian organic consumers. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 92(14), pp.2782-2787. Oates, L., Cohen, M. and Braun, L. (2014). The Health and Wellness Effects of Organic Diets. Building Organic Bridges, 1, pp.9-12. Pearson, D., Henryks, J., Sultan, P. and Anisimova, T. (2013). Organic food: Exploring purchase frequency to explain consumer behavior. Journal of Organic Systems, 8(2), pp.50-63. Shafie, F. and Rennie, D. (2012). Consumer Perceptions Towards Organic Food. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 49, pp.360-367. Zikmund, W. (2009) Business Research Methods, 8th Edition, Dryden, Orlando.

Penguins (3059 words) Essay Example For Students

Penguins (3059 words) Essay PenguinsThe signature Species of the Southern Hemisphere (Antarctica) the mascot if you will is the penguin. There are not one and no fewer than seventeen species of penguins. Penguins are flightless birds in which several factors are contributing to the reduction of the penguin population. These contributing factors are both man-made and naturally occurring. ?The origin of the word ?penguin? has been the subject of debate for a long period of time. Researchers and historians theories range from reference to the amount of fat (penguigo in Spanish and pinguis in Latin) penguins possess to the claim that the word was derived from two Welsh words meaning ?white head.? (Sparks and Soper, 1987) Penguins are comical and funny birds. Blue/black on the upper half of their body and white on the lower half, they look as though they are all dressed up for a formal dinner or show but have no place to go! Penguins are flightless birds, which have adapted to living in the cooler waters of the Southern Hemisphere. They generally live on islands and remote continental regions that are free of land predators. Their inability to fly has been detrimental to their survival on land. Some species of penguins spend as much as 75% of their lives in the ocean, yet they all breed on land or sea ice attached to land. The seventeen species found today are thought to have evolved from flying birds more than forty million years ago. To date, the discovery of all penguin fossil fragments has been limited to the Southern Hemisphere. ?Records show that prehistoric penguins were found within the range of present-day penguins.? (Sparks and Soper, 1987)All penguins have a very similar torpedo-shaped body form, which is conducive for swimming. They have a large head and a short neck with an elongated body. Penguin species vary greatly in size. For example, the Emperor penguin is the largest of the penguin species, standing 3.7 feet and weighing between sixty and ninety pounds. The smallest penguin in the species is the Fairy penguin, standing only sixteen inches and weighs less than 3 pounds. Penguins wings are highly modified to form a stiff paddle-like flipper used for swimming. ?Each flipper is covered with short, scale like feathers. The long wing feathers typical of most birds would be too flexible for swimming through water.? (Sparks and Soper, 1 987) A penguins tail is short and wedged shaped with fourteen to eighteen stiff tail feathers. The legs and webbed feet with visible claws on a penguin are set back on the body so that when on land, the penguin is able to stand. ?Penguins walk with short steps or hops, sometimes using their bills or tails to assist themselves on steep climbs.? (del Hoyo, et al., 1992) When in the ocean swimming, penguins use their feet and short stubby tail as a rudder to guide them through the water. Penguins bones are solid and heavy which help them to remain submerged to reduce the energy that they need for diving. Penguins are able to withstand the extreme cold because of the insulation provided by their feathers. Feathers are highly specialized, broad and closely spaced helping to keep water away from the penguins body. Penguins have more feathers than most birds, having about seventy feathers per square inch on their body. Most penguin species goes through one complete molting cycle per year, which usually happens after breeding season. ?The exception to this is the Galapagos penguin which annually go through 2 molts.? (del Hoyo, et al., 1992) For penguins, molting is a very important process because feathers wear out when penguins come in contact with each other, as well as with the ground and water. The molting period varies between one species to another. Usually the time period is anywhere from thirteen to thirty-four days. Regular preening of the feathers is essential as penguins obtain oil from their tails to coat their feathers for waterproofing. Penguins in warmer temperate zones have a thinner plumage of feathers and fat layer than their counterparts of the polar species. To keep warm in near freezing waters, penguins have a highly developed heat exchanged system of blood vessels in the flippers and legs which helps the heat loss at the core of the body. To avoid heat loss in a penguins body, the penguin has 2 internal temperatures. A penguin has a normal body temperature and a temperature of the environment close to the limbs of the body. Tropical penguins can overheat very easily; so in order for them to lose the body heat, they usually use their flippers to get rid of excess heat. They also have bigger flippers than their polar penguin ancestors. Penguins communicate with each other by different ritual behaviors such as head and flipper waving, calling, bowing, gesturing and preening. Penguins c ommunicate by ?displays? or vocalization and performing physical behavior. ?They use many vocal and visual displays to communicate nesting and territories along with mating information. They also use displays in partner and chick recognition, and defense of intruders.? (Sparks and Soper, 1987) Territorial disputes can lead to aggressive postures such as stares, pointing and even charging each other. Also during courtship and mating, other rituals are included which are called ecstatic displays. In these particular displays, an unattached male penguin will pump his chest several times, stretch his head upwards and move his flippers about away from his body. During this display, the male penguin also emits a loud harsh sound. In doing this, other male penguins in the colony begin to exhibit the same behavior which in turn begins the breeding cycle within the colony. When breeding occurs, one is unable to distinguish male and female penguins because they are not sexually dimorphic. The re is one particular penguin that one can be told apart called the Crested penguin. Other ways of telling which penguin is male or female is that males are usually more robust and have larger bills. Also during mating season, female penguins are identifiable by muddy footprints left behind by males during mating activity. Acid Rain EssayThe dumping of garbage and trash in the ocean affects all kinds of marine life including the penguins. Penguins have been found tangled in debris, which causes death or serious injury. In addition to trash dumping, oil dumping also poses a great threat to the penguin population. When their feathers are tainted with oil, weatherproofing is reduced and their insulation fails. They are then at great risk of hypothermia. In addition, when trying to preen their feathers; they can ingest oil, which poisons them and causes their internal organs to fail. Although oil spill disasters such as the Exxon Valdez spill off the coast of Alaska had a devastating affect on the population, oil also enters into the waters via ship sludge and residue. Facilities are available for ships too properly dispose of their sludge and residue; however, unfortunately these facilities may not be utilized as it may be cost prohibitive and therefore, illegal dumping is then opted. The dumping of oil waste is permitted; however, the rate must be 15 parts of oil to a million parts of water. This formula is not followed as the risk of being caught is so small compared to the cost of the mixing of the formula. Oil also enters into the marine habitat through land run-off. ?The U.S. Academy of Sciences estimated in 1990 that 37% of oil pollution of the worlds marine environment enters the sea from the land. Other sources estimate that 45% comes from shipping (12.5% from tanker accidents); 9% from the atmosphere, 7.7% from natural sources and 1.5% from offshore oil exploration and production.? (Environmental News Network). In conclusion, the responsibility for the future existence of the penguin population lies mainly with the human race. Our ability to cause changes in climate snowballs thus creating changes in global and local patterns of ocean productivity. We have altered, and continue to alter, the natural environment and habitat of these wonderful creatures. Historically, the direct exploitation of penguins by humans created a huge risk to their survival. Currently, as humans create more creative uses for penguins and their skins, we pose a greater risk of impacting their existence. The ability to control and monitor the use of these animals is complex and difficult. The need for protecting marine habitats for all kinds of marine life has become serious. We have the ability to cause the extinction of far too many creatures. As of December 4, 1998, a number of conservation groups gathered and formulated a report on the penguin population. They believe that 9 penguin species should have been endang ered or were close to being endangered, and 2 more species close to being threatened. Previously, only 5 of the total seventeen penguin species were considered threatened. Based on the above-referenced conservation groups statistics, more than 50% of penguin species may be close to endangered. If we do not take an active stand on the protection of these amazing birds, we stand a chance of creating yet another ?dinosaur,? available to our children only through history and science books. Science Essays